Macbeth, By William Shakespeare - 1989 Words

The time of Shakespeare and his great works of literature was a great and prosperous historical time, with much of Europe prospering not only theologically but also economically. However, one of Shakespeare’s plays, Macbeth, brings light to a major and critical aspect of the 16th century that greatly affected life at the time. The story of Macbeth is a tragic play written by Shakespeare in which the fatal flaw of Macbeth is his relentless ambition to be king. This ambition is not only fueled by his strong willed wife, but also by a trio of sinister and mischievous witches, which mislead him throughout the play by showing him partial truths and visions of the future, only increasing his desire for the throne and leading him to his own†¦show more content†¦These research questions were how was witchcraft viewed during the 16th century, how did witchcraft affect the everyday life of people during the 16th century, and finally what role did witchcraft play in influencing the history of the world as well as the modern world. Research both online and through books led to the answers to the three research questions, which in turn came together to form a complete thesis statement. The answers to these three research questions were as follows; that witchcraft was in fact viewed by the majority of people during the 16th century as overall evil, that witchcraft did in fact affect and influence the everyday life of people during the 16th century in major ways, and that witchcraft played a major role in the overall history of the world and even has affected and influenced the modern world we live in (Ehrenreich). There was also information pointing in the opposite direction to each and every one of my decided answers. These sources of opposition stated that witchcraft was not actually evil at all, that it had little effect on people’s daily lives during the 16th century, and even that the practice of witchcraft is very insignificant and has done nothi ng to shape or affect history as a whole. However, the sources and facts that point towards these oppositions are vastly overwhelmed by the sources and facts that point to the

Essay on Socrates - 2140 Words

The First Advocate for Free Speech – Socrates The precise facts about how and why the great Greek philosopher Socrates was sentenced and executed remains one of the biggest puzzles in history, even to this day. Socrates lived and philosophized in Athens, which is said to be the ancient model for a democracy. Yet, it seems like the Athenians sentenced to death a respected member of their society for speaking his mind and standing by his principles. Now how democratic is that? What makes the situation more riddling is that the only two journals for the events surrounding the death of Socrates are written by Plato and Xenophon, who are his followers. Some historians argue the picture they presented in their works is intended to imply†¦show more content†¦Trying to be humble and denying his believes would probably be the right strategy, but Socrates just stays true to his principles. Even when saying we is a humble man who knows nothing, it is obvious he does not mean it, he just puts a meaning behind it. In the progress of the trial Socrates also claims that apart from being not guilty, he should be actually viewed as a hero. He mentions his service in the battles against Sparta, and again going one step further he compares himself to the great hero of the Trojan war - Achilles. The analogy made here is that Socrates like Achilles does not keep into account â€Å"the matters of living and dying† (28b, Apology). Just like Achilles even fear of death will not make him stop exercising his way of thinking and philosophizing the way he always did. This basically means that the only way to make Socrates stop doing what he was accused of is by sending him to death. He sees his manner of living as a duty. Socrates never got paid for his work as a teacher, and therefore has never been restrained by the need of having to satisfy anyone but his feeling of self-content. So what he does here is, saying that even though he loves Athens, it will never make him change who he is and what he is destined to always do. Socrates makes a point about how his way of thinking is the right one and should be adopted by this democratic society, but is aware this is unlikely to happen now and will mostShow MoreRelated Socrates Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pages SOCRATES Socrates was a Greek philosopher who lived between 470-399 B.C. He turned Greek attention toward questions of ethics and virtue and away from those of the heavenly bodies. Socrates spent much time in the Agora (marketplace) where he held conversations with townspeople. Socrates believed that real truth could be found out through thought and collaboration with others. He was known for exposing ignorance, hypocrisy, and conceit. Despite having many followers, Socrates was disliked by mostRead More Socrates Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe problem remains making philosophy friendly to politics. The questioning of authoritative opinions is not easily accomplished nor is that realm of philosophy - the pursuit of wisdom. Socrates was the instigator of the conflict. While the political element takes place within opinions about political life, Socrates asks the question quot;What is the best regime and how should I live?quot; Ancient thought is riddled with unknowns and can make no such statement as quot;how should I live.quot; TheRead MoreSocrates Essay1985 Words   |  8 PagesSocrates Worldview Intro Socrates was a raggedy old man that spent his time searching and looking for all of the answers to the world. The readings we started on took us to Socrates in his last days and arguing with friends if he should escape or not. We will get to look at though the worldview analysis Socrates findings of his years searching and his personal view portrayed by ones around him. Condition Bodily Attachment Socrates believes the human problem is inside us ourselves. WeRead More Socrates Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pages Socrates believes that the everyday world is an illusion compared to the world of knowledge. People are often too distracted by money and materialistic things to appreciate truth and reality. Socrates says, â€Å"the capacity for knowledge is innate in each man’s mind.† This exemplifies the point that man has the ability to look into the world of truth, but when one is caught up in superficiality then truth does not receive the attention and glory that it should. This is why Socrates feels that the artsRead More Socrates Essay1353 Words   |  6 Pages Socrates was perhaps the most interesting and influential thinker in the fifth century. He was dedicated to careful reasoning and he wanted genuine knowledge rather than the victory over his opponent. He learned the rhetoric and dialectics of the Sophists, the ideas of the Lonian philosophers, and the genera l culture of Periclean Athens. Socrates used the same knowledge by the Sophists to get a new purpose, the pursuit of truth. He called everything into question and he was determined to acceptRead MoreEssay on Socrates1116 Words   |  5 PagesPlato recounts the last days of Socrates, immediately before his execution was to take place in Athens. In the dialogue, Socrates’ pupil, Crito, proposes that Socrates escape from prison. Socrates considers this proposal, trying to decide whether escaping would be â€Å"just† and â€Å"morally justified.† Eventually, Socrates concludes that the act is considered â€Å"unjust† and â€Å"morally unjustified.† Socrates then decides to accept his fate and proceeded with his execution. Socrates was a man who was in pursuitRead MoreSocrates Essay728 Words   |  3 PagesSocrates Socrates spent his time questioning people about things like virtue, justice, piety and truth. The people Socrates questioned are the people that condemned him to death. Socrates was sentenced to death because people did not like him and they wanted to shut him up for good. There was not any real evidence against Socrates to prove the accusations against him. Socrates was condemned for three major reasons: he told important people exactly what he thought of them, he questioned ideasRead More Socrates Essay601 Words   |  3 Pages Philosophy in ancient Greece was merely a type of argument, until a pioneer named Socrates showed the world a new way of thinking. Socrates was born in 469 BC in Athens (where he lived all his life) as the son of Sophroniscus, a stonemason, and Phaenarete. In his life, Socrates changed common philosophy, which was a study of why the way things are, into a consideration of the virtue and health of the human soul. Rather than writing books and recording his thoughts himself, he orally passedRead MoreSocrates and Properties Essay3228 Words   |  13 Pages Socrates and Properties By Characterizing himself –Socrates- as both ignorant and wise, he presents us with one of the most striking paradoxes. Like so many of the other philosophers, is provocative in that its apparent self-contradiction hides an important idea for us readers to discover. Though out this text Socrates ignorance results from his belief that he has no knowledge of moral idea, or moral properties, such as justice, virtue, piety, and beauty. He asserts that, if only he knew theRead More Socrates Essay examples3029 Words   |  13 PagesSocrates Philosophy was both serious and dangerous, Socrates chose to ignore both. Ignoring the first made him one of the most engaging of all philosophers, ignoring the second was to cost him his life. He was born in a middle class home in Athens, in 470 BCE. His parents were Phaenarete and Sophroniscus. His mother had a reputation for her patient and intuitive skill in delivering babies in and around the neighborhood. The latter, his father was a craftsman, stonecutter by trade. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As

Donating blood free essay sample

INTRODUCTION a â€Å"hook† that captures the audience’s attention. This might be an image, an anecdote, a story, a quote/epigraph, an irritation – something that orients your reader to why your proposal is important enough background information to orient your reader to your topic. a thesis that advocates: it should clearly identify some problem and compellingly propose some solution. A strong thesis will address the significance of the proposal you are advocating. BODY PARAGRAPHS organize thoughtfully to draw your reader into your argument and to sustain it use description – enough to orient your readers but not so much as to bore or overwhelm them. demonstrate understanding of others’ arguments before moving to your own arguments and opinions. You will use rhetorical analyses of others’ arguments only as they help and support your own arguments. Stronger papers will use the sources to develop your own argument rather than simply summarizing the arguments of others. We will write a custom essay sample on Donating blood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page reveal and develop new evidence, evidence not mentioned by any of your rhetors, if you can. If this is not possible, make sure that you emphasize in your discussion of your rhetors’ arguments which evidence you see as most credible and as most supportive of your own argument. You should also address evidence put forth by your rhetors that contradicts your argument and explain this contradiction you that the strength of your argument is preserved. link the points you cover in your body paragraphs back to your main argument. CONCLUSION re-state main points from essay as a whole reflect on some broader implications of the essay, the â€Å"so what† question. This might include further real-world implications for the points you are advocating, a need for further research to gain specific information that would help the controversy be resolved, a policy or law that might be passed relevant to what you are advocating, or even some dangers or drawbacks to the actions you are proposing. IN-TEXT CITATIONS REFERENCES complete and properly formatted—include not only the rhetors you specifically review, but everyone from whom you got evidence that you have cited in this essay DICTION AND MECHANICS clear and crisp sentences; avoidance of run-ons correct syntax and grammar a distinct style that suits your rhetorical aims humor, liveliness and creativity are always welcome!

Multiple Audit Standards Standard Setting â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discus About The Multiple Audit Standards Standard Setting? Answer: Introducation The financial statement of the company should be prepared to keep in mind that they give a true and fair view of the financial position of the company(Deloitte, 2016). The IAASB and PCAOB provide the different format of audit reports. The matters presented in the audit report format provided by IAASB and PACOB are as follows: IAASB PACOB The new audit report will be effective from the calendar year 2016 No effective date has been provided by the authorities. All companies are covered under this new audit report format. This audit report format will cover only public companies. The concept of going concern gets affected by the new audit report format. If the company has undergone any major event due to which the future of the company is uncertain than the going concern of the company will be re-evaluated. This audit report format does not affect the going concern principle of the company. The format of the audit report is laid down by the IAASB. The PACOB has not given any specific format of audit report. The audit report as per IAASB should include the ethical requirement such as a certificate of the expert whose work is used in the audit and certificate of auditors independence (Cullinan, et. al., 2012). List of any other statement to be attached to the report is not mentioned by the PACOB. Despite many differences, there are certain similarities in the New Audit Report of the IAASB and PACOB. The Key Audit Matters and the Critical Audit Matters are same in practical meaning but reported with a different name in the audit reports. In both, the report the opinion section comes first followed by the basis of opinion in the second paragraph. Both the audit report format contains a separate section for clearing the fact the preparation of the financial statement is the responsibility of those charged with governance and the duty of the auditor is to give an opinion. As per the IAASB standards, the KAM is required to be stated by the auditor while auditing the financial statement of the public listed companies. The entities other than public entities do not contain any such requirement to state the KAM for their Audit Report. The changes implemented the presentation of the Audit Report by the IAASB and PACOB is done with a view to achieving the objective behind the preparation of the audit report by the auditor. The new audit report format provides the users with more detailed information about the company for making its decision(IAASB, 2016). The new format of the Audit Report, list the Key Audit Matters and Critically Audit Matters in its Report differently which are very important for the users as they are the material matters of the financial statement of the company (Burns and Fogarty, 2010). Further, if there have been any major events in the financial year which can affect the future existence of the company that the going concern concept can be ignored by the management of the company. Therefore it can be said that the new format of the audit report is providing better and brief opening about the statement of the company whose audit report is prepared and achieving the objective behind the preparation of audit report. The audit reporting is the presentation of the audit conducted by the auditor on the financial statement of the company. The audit report gives an opinion about the financial statement of the company based on the sufficient evidence obtained by auditor after applying appropriate procedure. The new audit report will cover the material points of the audit report and highlight it so that it can be easily identified by the users. The new Audit Report format provides the necessary documents to be attached to the audit report for a better understanding of the Audit. The relevant authorities present the audit report format keeping in mind that the important information should be presented first. The audit report should be prepared by the auditor with due diligence and by applying professional skills. The audit report gives the opinion to the users of the report about the true and fair view of the financial position of the company and its affairs(IFAC, 2017). Impacts of new Audit Reporting requirements on audit practise: New audit reporting requirement affects Going concern disclosures in the auditors report. New audit reporting requirement also affects TCWG and Management of the company in various ways i.e. strong communication between TCWG and the auditors on the KAM and increase in the attention by TCWG to the financial statement disclosures referred in the report of the auditor. References Burns, J. and Fogarty, J., 2010. Approaches to auditing standards and their possible impact on auditor behavior. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 7(4), pp.310-319. Cullinan, C.P., Earley, C.E. and Roush, P.B., 2012. Multiple auditing standards and standard setting: Implications for practice and education. Current Issues in Auditing, 7(1), pp.C1-C10. Deloitte, 2016. IAASB publishes comparison with PCAOB auditor reporting proposal. [Online] Available at: https://www.iasplus.com/en-us/news/2016/05/iaasb-pcaob-compare-report [Accessed 21 September 2017]. IAASB, 2016. The New Auditors Report: A Comparison between the ISAs and the US PCAOB Reproposal. [Online] Available at: https://www.shinnihon.or.jp/shinnihon-library/publications/issue/us/gaap-weekly-update/pdf/GAAP-2016-06-14-01.pdf [Accessed 21 September 2017]. IFAC, 2017. IAASB Welcomes PCAOB's New Enhanced Auditor Reporting Standard. [Online] Available at: https://www.ifac.org/news-events/2017-08/iaasb-welcomes-pcaobs-new-enhanced-auditor-reporting-standard [Accessed 21 September 2017].

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X-mas Essay To me Christmas is a celebration, which includes spending time with my family, decorating the entire house, inside and out, and shopping, for the people I love. Doing this with the people I love is what means the most to me. Spending Christmas with my family is very important to me. We usually gather and celebrate at my parents house, in East Tennessee. My husband, our three children, and myself travel from California. My two sisters, their husbands, and children come from a nearby town, for our celebration. We spend the day baking cookies, making fudge and preparing a big Christmas dinner, with all the trimmings. The children love to see each other. They spend the day playing games and sharing their new gifts and toys that Santa Claus brought for each of them. They get so eager to decorate, that it is hard to restrain them. We will write a custom essay on X-mas specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Decorating for Christmas is so much fun. My father always draws a new background scenery, for the Nativity scene, that he displays, every year. He, my brother-in-laws and my husband start with the decorations for the outside of the house and the front yard. Every year, my parents add a little more to the outside decorations. My mom, sisters, our children and myself decorate the inside of the house. My mom has so many indoor decorations that they can not all possibly be displayed. We try to change the decorations, which we put out every year. The men finish up just about the same time as, we women and then it is time to decorate the tree together. The children love this the most. The tree is always real, and is usually six to seven feet tall. Most of the ornaments have been collected over the years and are very old. They have become real family treasures. We all have a favorite one that we each put on the tree. All the children put their First Christmas ornament on the tree, that I br ought, as a gift. I am not usually a shopper, but during the Christmas season, I actually enjoy shopping. I rarely go into department stores, but during the Christmas season, I love to shop. The stores are so beautifully decorated and very festive. I can easily get carried away, with spending so much money. I must admit the thought of spending too much money hardly comes to mind. I can just picture of look on the faces, of my family and that brings me so much joy. Some, gifts I have picked out and purchased months ahead of time, either through catalogs, or shopping a little early, when stores have sales. Others, I struggle to decide what gift to purchase, even up to the very last minute possible. One thing is for certain, by the time my shopping is done, I am exhausted, but happy and excited, about Christmas. I feel so fortunate, to have my family throughout the year, but especially, at Christmas time. When showing, my family just how much I love them and what exactly they mean to me. That is so very important to me. Christmas, for me is about being with family, loving each other and showing each other just exactly how we all feel.

Exercise Is Good

Exercise Is Good Introduction Do you want to live a good life feeling great with improved mental psyche and energy levels void of some chronic diseases coupled with sound sleep all in one package? Look no further; regular exercising will offer this all-inclusive package of benefits. Many people just know very little about goodness of exercise; regrettably, they do not know how good it can get over time.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Exercise Is Good specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The good news is that, exercise delivers results regardless of sex, occupation, physical ability, or age. Exercise results are yours for taking; once you put the input, the output is almost certain. Unfortunately, people will always find excuses for not exercising and even some will quote myths associated with exercise for them to stay out. Many exercise activities are not strenuous and require very little efforts; for instance, dancing for fun. The trut h is; exercise is good because it will help you have good moods, manage chronic diseases, and manage weight giving you good shape. Goodness of Exercise Exercise helps in improving one’s mood and mind status. Mood is a state of mind. Physical activity triggers the body to release chemicals known as endorphins. These chemicals enable one to be happy and peaceful. The contemporary society is set in a way that people can work without involving a lot of physical exercise. Moreover, many people are being forced by circumstances to take jobs that they do not like. Chances that such people will slump into stress, depression, low self-esteem, and insomnia are high. However, exercising improves all these by improving one’s mood. For instance, during exercise, individuals set goals and by beating the timeline to accomplish these set goals, make one feel good and this improves his or her self-confidence and self-esteem. It is logical that a confident and self-esteemed person will have good moods. Human body is made up of active cells and they need to be kept active; exercise offers these. As Mayo Clinic Staff posit, â€Å"As you exercise, your body gets fitter and stronger, and thus, your mind starts seeing everything, including yourself in a better light† (Para 4). Have you ever heard of people claiming the only thing they do when stressed up is exercise? These few individuals have discovered the secret to let go of in-built pressure. Brain is made up of muscles and exercise is good for brain muscles just as food is good for the body.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Good news to those battling with chronic diseases as hypertension, diabetes and osteoporosis among others; exercise is the way out. Research indicates that regular exercise combats these diseases. According to Hawk, â€Å"exercise is the silver bullet for improved healthâ €  (Para. 1). In combating heart diseases, exercise strengthens heart muscles, increases High Density Lipoproteins (HDLs), and reduces Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs). These lipoproteins are cholesterol derivatives and scientists term HDL as ‘good’ cholesterol and LDL as ‘bad’ cholesterol. Reduction of LDL with subsequent increase of HDL promotes smooth blood flow and replenishes heart functions. In Type II diabetes, the body is insensitive to insulin probably due to weight gain amongst other causes. Exercise helps in shedding weight and this makes the body insulin sensitive. Consequently, this insulin breaks down sugar molecules in the body thus lowering blood sugar levels eventually combating diabetes type II. Nowadays, poor feeding habits and little or no exercise makes people as young as fifteen to suffer from osteoporosis. However, exercise offers reprieve to this nightmare by strengthening bone tissue formation and maintenance. Finally, research in dicates that exercise improves immune system response and this helps to keep minor infections at bay. Finally, exercise helps in keeping body shape. No one likes obesity or out of shape body. Unfortunately, many people love talking how they hate their over weight bodies without doing anything about it; lip service. Exercise is the way to attaining that elusive figure you have always craved for, over the years. It is natural that, during physical exercise, the body burns thousands of calories. Body weight results from excess energy, which is converted to fat and stored in different body parts. As one exercises, metabolism rate increases leading to breakdown of fats making your body slimmer and healthy. Research indicates that, â€Å"To lose one pound of fat, you must burn approximately 3500 calories over and above what you already burn doing daily activities† (Buemann Tremblay 193). These researchers make it clear that normal daily activities are not sufficient to burn the re quired calories in the body; therefore, exercise is the way out. Fortunately, you do not need to check into a gym to manage weight loss; far from it, 20 to 30 minute walk every day or cycling for fun is enough to keep weight gain under control. Unfortunately, many people complain that exercise is not good because it is not fun. This is true and it does not apply to exercise alone; it applies to anything that someone does. If you do not enjoy what you are doing, it can never be fun. However, the claims that exercise is not fun are only excuses; not reasons. The fact is, there are many exercise programs, and out of them, every one can find a program that excites him or her. Exercise can be done in a group or individually.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Exercise Is Good specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, most of practices that people do for fun qualify as exercises. For instance, taking a stroll in the neighbo rhood in the evening is enough to relax one’s mind. Teenagers are fond of cycling for fun; however, even though they do not know it, cycling is a great lot of exercise. So, what is the way out of these excuses? Identify an exercise that excites you; an exercise that you will do without much hustle. For instance, decide to engage in flexibility training exercises like yoga and sit-ups or even join a dancing group. By doing something that excites you, fun will be inevitable. However, remember to do whatever you are doing on purpose with discipline. Discipline is the key to any successful story you will ever hear. Conclusion Exercise is all-inclusive package that will enable you live almost a stress-free life, full of energy with improved self esteem and sound sleep not forgetting how you will be able to combat some diseases like hypertension and diabetes type II. During exercise, the body releases endorphins that restore peace and felicity. Moreover, nothing equals the thrill t hat one gets by accomplishing set goals and exercise offers this opportunity to set both short and long-term goals and accomplish them. Again, exercise prompts the body to produce more ‘good’ cholesterol and eliminate the ‘bad’ one thus improving blood flow thus keeping hypertension at bay. Any good doctor will tell you exercise is as essential as sleep or feeding. Finally, exercise enables you to maintain body shape by shedding those extra pounds. Unfortunately, many people complain that exercise is not fun; however, this is just an excuse, not a reason. There are many exercise programs to choose from, every one can get a program that excites him or her, and as the excitement sets in, fun follows. Anyway, who does not want to live a peaceful and happy life? Not even you, start exercising and start today. Buemann, Baines Tremblay, Albert. â€Å"Effects of Exercise Training On Abdominal Obesity and Related Metabolic Complications†. Sports Medicine. 2007, 21(1): 191-212. Hawk, Patricia. â€Å"Here’s why Exercise is good for You.† 2009.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mayo Clinic Staff. â€Å"Exercise: 7 Benefits of Regular Physical Activity.† 2010. Web. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/exercise/art-20048389

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness Essay - 1

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness - Essay Example Because of the enhanced level of connectivity brought forward by the evolution of the internet, the world has transformed into a single connected entity. This technology powered transformation has automatically helped in the process of speedy diffusion of various trends of globalization, which continues to arise from various corners of the world. The trends of globalization bring into effect a significant amount of change in regards to consumer behavior of the masses of various locations. It is highly interesting to cite that the changing consumer behavior of the various markets around the world automatically creates the need for various new kinds of products and services, which in turn paves the way for evolution of significant business opportunities. Hence, it can be said that the factor of technology has largely integrated itself with the factor of globalization for the purpose of development of strong business opportunities in various global markets. It is to be noted that the or ganization that has been chosen in this case is Apple Inc., which is a highly popular global brand in the electronics gadget segment. The organization has a highly diversified global product portfolio which manufactures portable music players, computers as well as latest technology mobile phones. Talking from the perspective of globalization, it can be said that the organization has achieved a tremendous amount of growth through successful capitalization of the business prospects. Because of the impact of globalization the awareness for the products of the company has been widely spread across various global markets. This increased awareness of the products got transformed into a huge demand in the multiple markets around the world. Also the diversified product range which includes iPods, iPads and iPhones has proved to be successful in drawing the attention of the young generation. This ultimately resulted in the high sales of the products of the Apple in the domestic as well as th e international markets. While weighing the aspect of technological change, it has to be considered that the faster evolution and high penetration of the internet has brought a positive impact for the products of the organization. While the products of the company are high on innovation as well as new edge technology, yet a large amount of the product features are tremendously dependent on the connectivity provided by the internet. Also, it has to be highlighted that the advancement in technology by the rival product manufacturing companies has also contributed in developing products with new features and up graded versions by the globally popular company (US Sec, 2012, p. 6). 2. Application of  the industrial-organization model and the resource-based model. The industrial organization model takes into account the variables of complexity and strategic importance. Matching the two variables in a two by two matrix, four kinds of scenarios can be chalked out. Under high complexity an d low strategic importance, the outsourcing option seems most viable. Under situations of high complexity and high strategic importance, the option of business process reengineering looks more valid. Under circumstances of low complexity and varying level of strategic importa

Animal Agriculture in Ukraine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Animal Agriculture in Ukraine - Essay Example Since independence, Ukraine’s animal agricultural policy seeks to address key issues such as; food security, the development of rural areas and international competitiveness with the poultry, beef and pig sectors being the most protected. Poultry farming, pig farming, Animal Feed production, Cattle farming and Bio Energy production constitute the key animal agricultural sectors in Ukraine. The country’s agricultural sector remains a key economic determinant; although the sector’s total output collapsed by 40% between the years 1990 and 2010, (USUBC, 2008). The period also saw the reallocation of resources as a result of comparative advantage with the share of grains in production growing at the expense of livestock. Statistics indicate that, between the years 1990 and 2008, livestock output suffered extensively with the production falling by 50% compared to only 25% for grain production, (USUBC, 2008). It is further predicted that the sector will further contract by 18% in the projection period from 2010 to 2018. Besides, the country’s Foreign Direct investment in Animal agriculture continues to lag behind other countries as a result of its structure and regulatory framework. It is estimated that FDI in animal agriculture fell from over 21% in 1990 to just 5% in 2002. Generally, an estimated 13% of Ukraine’s total land area constitutes permanent pasture land. A 2001 statistic indicate that there were 9.4 million head of cattle, 963,000 sheep, 7.6 million pigs, 912,000 goats, 20 million ducks and 103 million chickens,(OECD 2004). Poultry numbers increased by 9% between the years 2004 and 2006 while the number of pigs 25%. However, the number of cattle decreased by 11% within the same period. Turkeys, goats, Horses, rabbits and ducks are also bred and raised in the country, (USUBC, 2008). Meat production is a key component of the country’s animal agricultural sector with a 2001 statistic indicating that 646,000, 591,000 and 239,000 tons of beef, pork and poultry meat respectively were produced within the year much less than the 1, 986,000, 1, 576,000 and 239,000 tons of the same products in 1990. Milk and egg production are also key segments within Ukraine’s animal agricultural sector. In 2001, milk and egg production totaled t o 13.4 million and 546,000 tons respectively, (USUBC, 2008). In addition to animal rearing, Animal food production is also a key component of the country’s animal agriculture. Most feed production is for poultry estimated at 2.2 million tones in 2006 while pig and cattle feeds accounted for 850 and 650 tones respectively,(OECD 2004). Animal food production is however highly centralized, with an estimated 30 companies producing half of all feed. Furthermore, the country’s largest producers manufacture nearly all major types of feeds although the tendency to produce feeds for personal needs by farmers has also increased. This has can be attributed to the desire to save cost and to practice contemporary animal breeding techniques within their own farms,(OECD 2004). Changing Trend Although Ukraine has done considerably well in the animal agricultural sector, its full potential is yet to be realized. In beef farming for example, the cattle heard in 2009 was found to be almo st 88% below that of independence in 1991. Beef remains the largest meat sector with 900, 000 tones production in 2008. This is followed by pig meat and Poultry meat at 700,000 and 30, 000 tones

Operation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Operation management - Essay Example airlines, caterers, retailers, banks, etc). A good maintenance shop is a necessity for all major airports. Below is my diagram of what is needed for a fully equipped maintenance shop, from beginning to end. b. Prefabricated materials-these materials would include everything from light bulbs to mops. Bolts, screws, compressors, saws, hammers, nails, everything that is needed to fix things around the airport. Once again local suppliers need to be used whenever possible. 2) Imported materials- Craftsman tools, saws, drills, and other such items need to be imported from the United States. Trucks, bulldozers, and other vehicles need to be imported from Japan and the United States. 3) Finally a building, floor, or shop needs to be designated at the airport. All of the raw materials and imported materials need to able to fit in this area. This area also must consist of a concrete floor for easy maintenance. The area must consist of a large enough area to service airport vehicles, hold replacement parts, and work stations for the employees. 4) Customers Benefit-The customer will benefit from this service in numerous ways. From keeping the plumbing working, lights going, heat, air conditioning, to fixing anything that comes up, the customer benefits from a well working facility. 1(b). Imagine that you have been appointed as Director of Aircraft Maintenance at the new airport, responsible for all the aircraft maintenance facilities. You will not need detailed technical knowledge, as you will have a very well qualified staff of engineers and specialists, covering engines, avionics, instrumentation, heating and air conditioning, electrical and mechanical aspects and even specialists in cabin layout alterations. For about a dozen of the most popular aircraft types using the airport, the manufacturers of each aircraft type

Physical Activity Recommendations for the Elderly

Physical Activity Recommendations for the Elderly Introduction Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1946). There are many factors which have an impact on health and quality of life, including lifestyle choices of each individual. Diets high in fruits and vegetables and participation in regular physical activity are associated with a lower risk for several chronic diseases and conditions (US department of health and human services, 2005). Physical inactivity is very common globally with 31% of adults over 15 years old being insufficiently active. Insufficient physical inactivity results in about 3.2 million deaths per year (WHO, 2008). Elder adults are generally more vulnerable to malnutrition. This is because both lean body mass and basal metabolic rate decrease with increasing age. It has been found that many diseases suffered by the older people are diet- related. Other factors contributing to malnutrition include dietary, psychosocial, physiological and economic changes (DiMaria-Ghalili, R. A., Amella, E., 2005). Global Recommendations on physical activity for 65 years and above according to the WHO Older adults should do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or do at least 75 minutes of vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. Aerobic activity should be performed in bouts of at least 10 minutes duration. For additional health benefits, older adults should increase their moderate intensity aerobic physical activity to 300 minutes per week, or engage in 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, or an equivalent combination of moderate-and vigorous-intensity activity. Older adults, with poor mobility, should perform physical activity to enhance balance and prevent falls on 3 or more days per week. Muscle-strengthening activities, involving major muscle groups, should be done on 2 or more days a week. When older adults cannot do the recommended amounts of physical activity due to health conditions, they should be as physically active as their abilities and conditions allow. Inactive people should start with small amounts of physical activity and gradually increase duration, frequency and intensity over time. Inactive adults and those with disease limitations will have added health benefits when they become more active. (WHO, 2011) Physical activity and bone loss Exercise plays an important role in building and maintaining bone and muscle strength. Physical activity positively influences most structural components of the musculoskeletal system that are related to functional capabilities and the risk of degenerative diseases. Physical activity also has the potential to postpone or prevent prevalent musculoskeletal disorders, such as mechanical low back pain, neck and shoulder pain, and osteoporosis and related fractures. Exercise can contribute to the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders and recovery from orthopedic surgery. Muscles and bones respond and strengthen when they are stressed. This can be achieved by weight bearing or impact exercises which make the bones denser. Physical activity helps prevent weak bones and falls in the elderly. One-third of people over 65 have a fall each year and the risk of falling increases as age rises. People who have suffered fractures can benefit from special exercises and training (under medical supervision) to improve muscle strength and muscle function for greater mobility and improved quality of life. Balance training and Tai chi have been shown to decrease falls by 47% and reduce the risk of hip fracture by approximately 25%. Physical activity and hypertension Hypertension is defined as the constant pumping of blood through blood vessels with excessive force (WHO, 2011). Hypertension prevalence increases with advancing age and is higher in men than in women until the age of 55 years, but is slightly higher in postmenopausal women (Kannel WB, 2003). According to the 2009 NCD report, 38.1% of Mauritian people aged 65 and older were considered as hypertensive but were not on medications. 45.5% were being treated for hypertension. Hypertension is the major risk factor for stroke, heart failure, and coronary artery disease in older adults, while all of these disorders are important contributors to mortality and functional disability. Primary hypertension is the result of multiple conditions, such as genetic, nutritional, psychosocial, and life style factors. One of the life style factors leading to hypertension is obesity, which is usually related to a sedentary life style and inadequate physical activity. Since most elderly people have an inactive routine, they are at a much higher risk of developing high blood pressure. Therapeutic lifestyle changes, such as reduced dietary sodium intake, weight loss, regular aerobic activity, and moderation of alcohol consumption, have been shown to benefit elderly patients with hypertension. Regular aerobic exercise, consisting of a minimum of 30 min of interval training on a treadmill done three times a week, has been shown to be well tolerated and beneficial (Westhoff TH et al., 2007). The physiological effects of exercise on hypertension are complex and not fully understood. Specific mechanisms have been found to be relevant. An immediate (acute) reduction in BP following exercise has been termed ‘post-exercise hypotension’ and is agreed to be caused by reductions in vascular resistance. (Hamer, 2006). The chronic benefits can be partially explained by a decreased systemic vascular resistance in which the autonomic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system are most likely the underlying regulatory mechanisms (Cornelissen and Fagard, 2005). Another factor contributing to this decrease in vascular resistance is the increase of nitric oxide production (from different sites in the body) causing a vasodilation in response to regular aerobic exercise. Physical exercise and diabetes Diabetes is a chronic disease, which occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. This leads to an increased concentration of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia). Diabetes is classified in three main categories: Type 1 diabetes (also known as insulin-dependent) Type 2 diabetes (also called non-insulin-dependent) Gestational diabetes 347 million people worldwide have diabetes (Danaei G et al., 2011). The prevalence of diabetes in adults aged 20-74 years was 21.3%: 21.9% in men and 20.6% in women (NCD report, 2009). Physical activity plays an important role in the management of type 2 diabetes, particularly glycemic control (Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, 2003., Zinman B, et al., 2004., Boule NG et al., 2001., Ronnemaa T et al., 1986) and improvements in cardiovascular risk profile such as decreased hyperinsulinemia, increased insulin sensitivity, reduced body fat, decreased blood pressure and better lipid profiles (Lehmann R et al.,1997., Schneider SH et al.,1992). Regular moderate physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are also associated with reductions in mortality of approximately 45 to 70% in type 2 diabetes populations (Wei M, Gibbons, et al., 2000) Moreover, regular moderate physical activity can decrease glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) to a level associated with reduced risk of diabetic complications (Boule NG et al., 2001) and is therefore favorably delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes in high-risk groups (Knowler WC et al., 2002., Lindstrom AM et al., 2003). The decline in insulin sensitivity with aging is relatively due to a lack of physical activity. It is likely that maintaining better levels of fitness in the older population will lead to less chronic vascular disease and an improved quality of life (ADA, 2004). Physical activity and obesity Obesity is defined as an unhealthy excess accumulation of fat in the body, which increases the risk if medical illness and premature mortality. It is due to an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Physical activity contributes to the creation of an energy deficit by increasing total energy expenditure, and this can promote weight loss. Aging is associated with a decrease in all major components of total energy expenditure (TEE) including resting metabolic rate (RMR; which accounts for ≈70% of TEE), thermic effect of food (which accounts for ≈10% of TEE), and physical activity (which accounts for ≈20% of TEE). Physical activity decreases with increasing age, and it has been estimated that decreased physical activity accounts for about one-half of the decrease in TEE that occurs with aging (Elia M, Ritz P, Stubbs RJ., 2000). Hormonal changes such as reduced responsiveness to thyroid hormone, decreased secretion of growth hormone, decrease in serum testosterone and resistance to leptin that occur during aging can also enhance the accumulation of fat ( American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005). Obesity is associated with a number of complications as decreased survival metabolic abnormalities high blood pressure insulin resistance dyslipidemia pulmonary abnormalities arthritis urinary incontinence cataracts cancer Moderate weight loss in conjunction with physical activity improves physical function and health-related quality of life in obese older persons. Physical activity and cardiovascular health A higher rate of cardiovascular events and a higher death rate have been observed in those individuals with low levels of physical fitness (Pate RR et al., 1995., US Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, 1996). Even midlife increases in physical activity, through change in occupation or recreational activities, are associated with a decrease in mortality (Paffenbarger RS et al., 1993). Despite this evidence, however, the vast majority of adults remain effectively inactive. According to AHA, a sedentary lifestyle is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Evidence from many scientific studies shows that regular exercise decreases the chance of having a heart attack or experiencing another cardiac event, such as a stroke, and reduces the possibility of needing a coronary revascularization procedure (bypass surgery or coronary angioplasty). Benefits of regular exercise on cardiovascular risk factors include: Increase in exercise tolerance Reduction in body weight Reduction in blood pressure Reduction in bad (LDL and total) cholesterol Increase in good (HDL) cholesterol Increase in insulin sensitivity In addition, exercise training positively impacts the above risk factors even in patients older than 75 years (American Family Physician, 2005). There is also evidence that exercise training improves the capacity of the blood vessels to dilate in response to exercise or hormones, consistent with better vascular wall function and an improved ability to provide oxygen to the muscles during exercise. As one’s ability to transport and use oxygen improves, regular daily activities can be performed with less fatigue. This is particularly important for patients with cardiovascular disease, whose exercise capacity is typically lower than that of healthy individuals. Patients with newly diagnosed heart disease who participate in an exercise program report a more positive outlook in terms of quality of life, such as more self-confidence, lower stress, and less anxiety. Importantly, researchers have found that for heart attack patients who participated in a formal exercise program, the death rate is reduced by 20% to 25%. This is strong evidence in support of physical activity for patients with heart disease (Circulation, 2003). Physical activity and cancer The International Agency for Research on Cancer estimates that 25% of cancer cases worldwide are caused by obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. These factors may increase cancer risk by several mechanisms such as increased estrogens and testosterone, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, increased inflammation, and depressed immune function. Several studies have shown that physical activity and diet changes can alter biomarkers of cancer risk (Journal of Nutrition, 2007). There is strong epidemiologic evidence for reduced risk of some cancers with increasing physical activity. The strongest evidence exists for colorectal and postmenopausal breast cancer, with possible associations for prostate, endometrial, and lung cancer (Friedenreich CM, Orenstein MR., 2002). Types of physical activities There are 4 main types of physical activities namely aerobic, muscle strengthening, bone strengthening, and stretching and balance activities. (Dairy Council of California, 2014) (National heart, blood and lung institute, 2011). Aerobic activities also called cardiovascular exercises help improve the condition of lungs and heart, increase stamina, improve blood circulation and burn body fat. Such activities might include walking, jogging, bicycling, climbing stairs, walking on a treadmill, dancing, swimming or jumping rope. These types of activities help to raise your heart rate and increase your breathing for an extended period of time as well as decrease the blood pressure. Muscle strengthening increases the body metabolism by burning more calories after having stopped exercising. This is achieved by an increase in muscle mass. Muscle-strengthening activities improve the strength, power, and endurance of muscles. Doing pushups and sit-ups, lifting weights, climbing stairs, and digging in the garden are some examples. Strength training helps make bones stronger, improves balance and increases muscle strength. All of this helps prevent osteoporosis and lowers the risk of hip fractures from falls. Strength training has also been shown to lessen arthritis pain. Stretching helps to ease movement, improve flexibility and prevent muscle strain and injury. Stretching also helps to warm up the body and prepare for exercise. Balance activities help you maintain posture and balance to keep from falling. This is particularly important for the elderly who are at risk for bone fractures. Levels of physical activities by intensities Intensity refers to the rate at which the activity is being performed or the magnitude of the effort required to perform an activity or exercise (WHO, 2014). The levels of intensities of physical activities are usually expressed in METs, Metabolic Equivalents. MET is the ratio of a persons working metabolic rate relative to their resting metabolic rate. One MET is defined as the energy cost of sitting quietly and is equivalent to a caloric consumption of 1kcal/kg/hour. It is estimated that compared with sitting quietly, a persons caloric consumption is three to six times higher when being moderately active (3-6 METs) and more than six times higher when being vigorously active (>6 METs). One limitation to this way of measuring exercise intensity is that it does not consider the fact that some people have a higher level of fitness than others. Thus, walking at 3 to 4 miles-per-hour is considered to require 4 METs and to be a moderate-intensity activity, regardless of who is doing the activity whether a young marathon runner or a 90-year-old adult. Light-intensity activities require the least amount of effort, compared to moderate and vigorous activities. Light intensity activity is related to energy expenditure of less than 3 METs. It does not increase the heart rate. Moderate-intensity physical activity raises the heart rate, breathing rate and body temperature. During such type of activity, one can talk but not sing. The caloric consumption is from 3 to 6 METS. Vigorous intensity physical activity causes the greatest amount of oxygen consumption. It burns more than 6 METS. A person cannot utter more than a few words without gasping for breath. Examples of physical activities based on intensity Light Activity less than 3.0 METS* (less than 3.5 calories per minute) Moderate Activity less 3.0-6.0 METS* (3.5 – 7 calories per minute) Vigorous Activity greater than 6.0 METS* (more than 7 calories per minute) Casual Walking Bicycling less than 5 mph Stretching Sitting Light weight training Dancing slowly Leisurely sports (table tennis, playing catch) Floating Boating Fishing Golf—using cart Light yard/house work Occupations requiring extended periods of sitting Brisk walking (3 4.5 mph) Walking uphill Hiking Roller skating at leisurely pace Bicycling 5-9 mph Low impact aerobics Aqua aerobics Light calisthenics Yoga Gymnastics Jumping on a trampoline Weight training Moderate dancing Boxing—punching bag Most aerobic machines (e.g., stair climber, elliptical, stationary bike)—moderate pace Competitive tennis, volleyball, badminton, diving Recreational swimming Canoeing Horseback riding Golf—carrying clubs Housework that involves intense scrubbing/cleaning Shoveling snow Carrying a child weighing more than 50 pounds Occupations that require an extended amount of time standing or walking Race walking (more than 4.5 mph) Jogging/Running Wheeling a wheelchair Mountain climbing Backpacking Fast pace in-line skating Bicycling more than 10 mph High impact aerobics Step aerobics Vigorous calisthenics Karate, judo, tae kwon do, jujitsu Jumping rope, jumping jacks Circuit weight training Vigorous dancing Boxing—sparring Most aerobic machines (e.g., stair climber, elliptical, stationary bike)—vigorous pace Competitive basketball, soccer, football, rugby, kickball, hockey, lacrosse Swimming laps or synchronized swimming Treading water Water jogging Water polo Downhill or cross country skiing Pushing non-motorized lawnmower Occupations that require heavy lifting or rapid movement Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Promoting physical activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Infant Feeding and Weaning in Three Countries Essay -- Infant Feeding

Evolution has insured that most women are biologically equipped to give birth and then nourish their offspring for a period of time by producing milk. At some point, young humans stop receiving food from their mothers’ bodies and learn to consume plants and/or animals found in their environments in order to meet their nutritional needs. Within most other species of mammals, this transition happens at roughly the same age and to roughly the same range of foodstuffs for all individuals (Dettwyler 1999). Humans, however, as a uniquely global species with the powerful overlay of culture, exhibit a wide range of behaviors in this arena, with a wide variety of expressed reasons for their choices (Dettwyler & Fishman 1992, Dutta et al. 2006, Notzon 1984, Synott et al. 2007, Van Esterik 2002). Although there are certainly biological constraints on what can be fed successfully to a human infant, and a substantial body of scientific research showing that some choices promote better heal th outcomes than others (Allen et al. 1992, American Academy of Pediatrics 2009, Greer et al. 2008, Ip et al. 2007, Marlin et al. 1980, Ãâ€"hlund 2008, Olsson et al. 2008), there is still a great deal of latitude in the exact content, timing, and introduction sequence of non-milk baby foods. Into this gap, each human culture pours a raft of beliefs, values, norms, and social practices. This paper attempts to summarize, compare, and contrast the dominant infant feeding practices in three modern cultures: the United States of America, Mexico, and Sweden. These three countries and the cultures they house were selected for a variety of reasons. The United States was chosen because the author is a U. S. American with direct experience of its infant feeding an... ... Organization. Complementary Feeding: Report of the Global Consultation, and Summary of Guiding Principles for Complementary Feeding of the Breastfed Child. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2002. World Health Organization. Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2003. World Health Organization. Guiding Principles for Feeding Non-breastfed Children 6-24 Months of Age. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press, 2005. World Health Organization. International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1981. Wutich, Amber and C. McCarty. â€Å"Social Networks and Infant Feeding in Oaxaca, Mexico.† Maternal and Child Nutrition 4.2 (2008): 121-35. Yaron, Ruth. Super Baby Food. 2nd ed. Peckville, PA: F. J. Roberts Publishing, 1998.

Technology: A User Friendly for Students

Technology has transformed the society leaving people with no choice but to conform to the constant innovations and learn to rely on what the technology has to offer. The advent of the twenty first century has gone to a lot of discoveries and innovations that require the people to increase the living standards in a society that is rapidly and constantly changing. Today, technology is even requiring a higher quality of education (Clark, Sanders, & Stammen, 1997).Apparently, the existence of technology gives people countless benefits to make lives more convenient. Students nowadays have been fortunate for having an advanced technology to be used for education purposes. Even though the society blames technology for the way it molds the young generation through the gadgets and modes of communication that give them independence, the advantages that these young people acquire from technology are evident.Technology helps the students to communicate well and immediately get and receive infor mation they needed for their studies. Moreover, technology makes easy transactions of the students inside and outside the schools. On the other hand, the idea of bringing technology outside the classrooms can be frightening because students always tend to look only at the benefits and convenience that it gives to the users. However, this may also open another opportunity to the young generation in attaining the real picture of the technological world.Technology does not always bring negative impacts because the students still benefit from the newly-innovated products in the society. The online libraries, internet messaging, and word processing are just few of the benefits that students learn and enjoy through the use of technology. Proper teaching of faculty about the right usage and limited exposure of students to technological gadgets can make technology user friendly and beneficial for the young adults. Apparently, the extent of beneficial relationship between technology and user s does not depend on how many gadgets a student has and how much he or she knows using them but having enough knowledge about technology and how to use them in proper ways can serve as the measurement of how these gadgets become friendly to its users.ReferenceClark, V. L. Sanders, G. F. & Stammen, R. M. (1997). Building a User Friendly Environment: The Challenge of Tecnology in Higher Education. Retrieved December 3, 2008, from http://www.kon.org/archives/forum/11-1/clark.html

The Pre-columbian American Peoples in the Pacific Northwest Essay Example

The Pre The Pre-columbian American Peoples in the Pacific Northwest Essay The Pre-columbian American Peoples in the Pacific Northwest Essay Essay Topic: North By Northwest At the time when the Europeans were on a mission to colonize America, the people of America had a resilient culture. It has been statedthat the resilient culture must have resulted from the longtime interaction with their environment. Most aspects of culture are attributedto the environment in such a way that people develop norms or modes of behavior that rhyme with their immediate environment. The longer the people remain in a less dynamic environment, the more resilient a culture is bound to be. The cultural influences identified in the article authored by Kisciza include networks and the trading networks. Routine interaction with the environment is an important factor that ensures the people enhance intimacy with the environment. Ethnicity has been identifiedas a primary factor that divided the people of America and this also reflected in specific aspects of culture. What is One Example of Cultural Exchange during the Settlement of North America The European who visited America in the Pre-Hispanic period did not appreciate the cultural practices of the natives. European explorers often mistook the nativecultural practice with naivety rather than nativity. It was further documentedthat the nativesgradually adopted the influences brought by the Europeans. This marked a gradual erosion of thenative culture as well as the adoptionof a new culture. When the Europeans settled in America, their persistence ensured that the cultural resilience of the nativeswas broken. For instance, the settlement of the European missionaries and explorer was responsible for the penetration of reading and writing in America. The entrance of the Europeans was facedwith resistance due to cultural resilience among the native societies. However, the interaction of the Europeans and the natives had different outcomes depending on aspects such as ethnicity. Variouscultural orientations have a differentperception when it comes to adoption of different cultures. Equally, cultures might have varyingdegrees of resiliencein assimilating new cultures. The Native American societies must have exhibited similar traits as they responded differently to the interactions with the Europeans. The difference in the outcomes of the interactions between the natives and the Europeans was also due to the different approaches used by the Europeans. European countries also had different cultures which imply that the application of their rule in Native America was also different. Some Europeans assimilated the natives in their settlement hencethe natives had to learn and live the European way. Possibly this was the most effectiveway of overcoming cultural resilience among the natives. On the other hand, other Europeans used force against th e natives, which included eviction. To some extent, such forces must have contributed to the toughening of nativecultural resilience. Another form of cultural resiliencethat can be identifiedin the article is the resistanceexhibited by the Europeans (Kicza). When the early European settlers went to America, they traveledalong with their culture. They were determined to break the resilience of the native culture but at the same time remained persistent to their culture. The Europeans were reported to have used all means to ensure that the nativeculture was erodedat the expense of the European culture. The situation proves that cultural resilience is a factor of cultural appreciation. In some way,it can also be termedas cultural ego where people of a particularculture recognize their culture as the best and irreplaceable. The Native Americans did not have the same cultural belief thus their resilience gradually broke down. Reference Kicza, J. E. (n.d.). Resilient Cultures.

Bipolar Disorder in Early Years essays

Bipolar Disorder in Early Years essays Bipolar affective disorder has been a mystery since the 16th century. History has shown that this affliction can appear in almost anyone. According to an article on bipolar disorder by, David E. Cohen, Some research suggests that highly creative people such as artists, composers, writers, and poets, show unusually high rates of bipolar disorder, and that periods of mania fuel their creativity. Famous artists and writers who might have suffered from bipolar disorder include poets Lord Byron and Anne Sexton, novelists Virginia Woolf (who did suffer from bipolar disorder) and Ernest Hemingway. (Encarta Encyclopedia) Despite the fact that many people suffer from bipolar disorder, we still wait for clear explanations for the causes as well as the cure. The one fact of which we are painfully aware of is that bipolar disorder severely weakens its victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Manic and Depressive Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder or manic depression is characterized by many symptoms that can be broken into manic and depressive episodes. The depressive episodes are characterized by intense feelings of sadness, despair, hopelessness, and helplessness. guilt, crying spells, disturbances in sleep and appetite, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty thinking, indecisiveness, and recurrent thoughts of death and suicide. (National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association). The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often reckless or irresponsible behavior, grandiose delusions, inflated sense of self-importance, racing speech, racing thoughts, flight of ideas, impulsiveness, poor judgment, distractibility, reckless behavior and in the more severe cases, delusions and hallucinations.(NDMDA )(Encarta Encyclopedia) Bipolar disorder affects approximately one percent of ...

Central Banks and Monetary Policy Research Paper

Central Banks and Monetary Policy - Research Paper Example There are four main objectives of the central bank such as stable inflation, high and stable real growth, stable interest rates and stable exchange rates (Almoayed Group, 2007).   It will also address how the central bank monitors the money supply and the numerous tools of the monetary control will also be discussed in this study. The most significant part of this research paper is to study the association between price stability as well as other goals of the central bank. The behavior of the monetary aggregates, inflation as well as output in the context of UAE will also be discussed in a detailed way in this study. Last but not the least, the research study will endeavor to review the performance of the UAE central bank and discussion regarding interest rate as well as exchange rate stability in the UAE will be explained in brief. 1. Discuss briefly the five objectives of central banks. In their pursuit of maintaining price stability, central banks are said to manage the money su pply process. The central bank in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was set up in the year 1980 and is considered to be the chief regulatory as well as the supervisory body with regard to the overall banking industry. The central banks of the UAE are believed to exert increasingly stringent vigilance on the financial institutions. Apart from this, the main objectives of the central banks operating in the UAE region are principally concentrated on issuing currencies, suggesting the government regarding the monetary as well as the financial issues, acting as the last resort lender for the other member banks and likewise, it is held to be responsible for managing the supply of money in the market and ascertain the way an economy operates. The initial objective of the central banks have been identified as being the responsible authority is to set up and preserve financial stability within the economy or rather stable real growth. It is since central banks are known to possess quite inclusi ve information regarding the risks in terms of financial stability with the assistance of its research as well as surveillance activities. The second objective of the central banks has been stated as the exercise of its essential roles for promoting and monitoring the reliability of the various financial institutions, particularly the banks since they are known to enjoy regulatory as well as supervisory control over those institutions. The third main objective of the central banks is the application of their respective tools to make certain of the prevalence of price stability such as the functions related to the open market and the interest rates. The tools are regarded as the effectual instruments for the purpose of manipulating financial stability through the intermediary procedures along with manipulating the aspect of demand with regard to the economy (Almoayed Group, 2007). The fourth objective of the central banks is to discharge its role as the ‘lender of the last reso rt’.

Sacrament of Reconciliation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sacrament of Reconciliation - Essay Example The Israelites were constantly reprimanded for their transgressions against God through the prophets. The reference about the sacrament of reconciliation can be seen in the history of the Israelites. They were the recipients of mercy and grace due to their covenant with God. Yet at the individual and community level, they would engage in wickedness and evil deeds. Thus there was a need for compromise and exoneration which was the right of the Israelites due to their special status. The New Testament enjoins kindness and mercy for all human beings irrespective of color, caste or creed. Jesus Christ proclaimed the liberation of humanity from sins through repentance and clemency. Faith is a powerful force that enables human beings to abstain from sin and wickedness. Such a state can be acquired only through grace, mercy, and affection. Thus it can be seen that the New Testament modifies the concept of repentance and forgiveness in numerous ways. The early Church devised a system of expi ation and atonement that was public in nature. An individual who had perpetrated a sin would have to offer penance through his outwardly actions and behaviors. Such individuals had to perform religious rites and rituals in a systematic manner. They had to engage in worship, charity, and abstain from worldly desires (Coffey, 67). The severity of sins would determine the number of years in which the individuals would complete their penance. The public system of atonement would lead to the ostracism of individuals as they were prevented from participating in Christian rituals. The system was harsh and ruthless since it exerted unnecessary burden on individuals. The system eventually met its demise through the reforms of Irish monks. The new system for expatiation and atonement was implemented at the private level. Further penance had to be completed until a specific time period. The Irish monks devised an

How does your understanding of Postcolonial Theory inform your Essay

How does your understanding of Postcolonial Theory inform your interpretaion of Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children and Tsitsi Dangarembga's Nervous Condition - Essay Example Post colonial theory was based on the two theoretical concepts of the time, related to identity, i.e. ‘otherness’ and ‘hybridity’. The colonized people were diverse in their nature and tradition .They are ‘other ‘to the colonizers but are different from one another also. Such a drastic situation was meticulous to India and Africa. Both the countries had shared the common pain of identity and tradition. A comprehensible understanding of the political and cultural aspects of the countries is needed to unravel the stories in its full meaning. ‘Midnights Children’ and ‘Nervous Condition’ are such great novels of the time dealt successfully with the postcolonial theory and there by the self search of the natives Salman Rushdie’s ‘Midnight’s children’ is a novel about Indian independence, the partition and their aftermath. The novel is Rushdie’s interpretation of a period of about seventy years in India’s modern history dealing with the events leading to the partition of India and beyond .The novel encapsulates the experiences of three generation of Sinai family living in Srinagar, Amritsar and Agra and then in Bombay and finally migrating to Karachi. Tsitsi Dambengara’s Nervous condition’ is set in the post colonial Rhodesia of 1960s. The narrator and the main character, Thambu, expresses her experience with colonization, as a child growing up from a poor African community, with tremendous correctness and detail. She is anything but typical. A great deal of the novel reveals the development of Thambu as she becomes a young lady and the relationship with her cousin Nyasha .As they mature we can identify the difference in their characters . Tsitsi also adopt the method of narration as Saleem in ‘Midnights children’ .Saleem works in a pickle factory by day and records his experiences in the night hoping that one day the world would taste the pickle of history. Alongside of

Provisions for elite performers Essay Example for Free

Provisions for elite performers Essay Many elite performers start to progress after representing their school at competitions affiliated to the English Schools FA, such as the ESFA Coca Cola National Cups. These national competitions attract attention from district scouts. After representing their schools talented performers may be selected to represent these District teams. Then the performers could be selected to play for their county or to train with professional clubs youth teams. I believe that Britain is behind America in progressing their young sporting talent. There are no real scholarships in Britain like there are in the US. Students are expected to complete all school work as well as trying to improve at their chosen sport. There is also very little funding for less glamorous sports than football.  It can also be seen that although footballers who are regularly being paid tens of thousands of pounds a week are living a glamorous lifestyle, there are also thousands of players in the lower leagues who are being paid considerably less. These top-class footballers are set for life, however the less fortunate players who play in the lower leagues will have to retire at around the age of 34 or 35. The retired players usually have no real future as they have given all their lives to football. When they were young they were kicking a football around when they should have been studying. Many face financial ruin. Additional agencies and bodies  There are many additional agencies that help to ensure the smooth running of football clubs all over the country:  Organisations such as the St Johns ambulance service are at every Sutton United game.  UNICEF has teamed up with non-governmental organizations, private businesses, government agencies and football superstars to establish educational and recreational programs around the world that involve football. The global appeal of football is a tool for engaging young people in a positive future. TWS Associates Ltd is a specialist consumer marketing agency with over 20 years experience in football focussed campaigns, supporter research and relations.  The government also specifies that all people working with children are child protection officers. This helps to keep all participants free from any harm.  Provision for female competitors It can be clearly seen that there are many local football teams for men, however there are much fewer for women. This is also the case at professional level in the UK. There are now no full-time professional womens clubs. This is in contrast to women in football in the USA. The women have their own professional league with there seeming more interest in the womens game than in the mens. Due to this, the American womens national team has been very successful, winning two world cups. This shows just how far the British governing bodies are behind their American counterparts. In the past it has been seen unfeminine for women to play football in the UK. This has come from sexism in previous governments. Female football gets much less coverage on TV with only the Womens FA cup and internationals shown on TV. Some English women have had to resort to travelling to America to earn a living from football. Nationwide has sponsorship of the three womens leagues, under the banner of The F.A. Nationwide Womens Premier League. Nationwide also enjoy sponsorship of The F.A. Premier League Cup and partner sponsorship of The F.A. Womens Community Shield, The FA Womens Cup and the England womens teams.  Although there are girls teams at schools at the moment, there is much less participation than by the boys. This is because there seems to be no importance in the womens game. There are local cups as well as county and national cups. Unlike with the boys where there are teams for each year, there are teams for a group of ages, such as under15s or under 18s. This is again due to the lack of participation of the girls. There are a few scholarships for elite womens footballers at places such as Kingston and Richmond universities, but nowhere near the amount of their male counterparts. These scholarships are obviously only for the elite women footballers. At the moment womens football in England i s not very popular. Even the Womens World Cup and Womens football in the Olympics do not draw a lot of viewers. I believe that the only way that womens football could become more appealing would be if it could be hosted in this country. This would draw a lot of attention to the womens game. Provision for disabled athletes  Although there are huge numbers of people playing football all over the country, there are very few organisations who cater for disabled participants.  The British Football Association for the Visually Impaired, was established in the late 1970s to allow the opportunity for those individuals aged 16 and upwards with visual impairments, whether totally blind or partially sighted, to participate in football.  From those humble beginnings where only a handful of teams were involved came the implementation of a league system in 1980 and the visually impaired football league catering for partially sighted players has evolved progressively to this day. Today the British Blind Sport Football League comprises two divisions each containing 7 teams playing 5-a-side indoor football nation-wide teams from as far a field as the north-east South Shields and the south-west Avon Sports based in Bristol. The North West are represented by Northern Sports (Manchester) and Inter Cosmos mainly Cheshire based. The Midlands have a number of clubs; Birmingham Sports, Midland All-Stars, Loughborough Lions and the Royal National College for the Blind, RNC. The capital is represented by London Sports. Fulham Deaf FC was founded in 2003 by a group of deaf footballers led by Nick Beese who was somewhat concerned about the lack of deaf football opportunities in South West London and very keen to make a contribution in improving deaf football welfare in South West London, prior to the setting up of Fulham Deaf, there were only three deaf football clubs registered in the British Deaf Sports National Cup from London, whereas previously there used to be twelve London representations. The number of Deaf football clubs has decreased over the last decade unfortunately due to the lack of support and commitment from the community. Lack of understanding from the outside community has also contributed to this temporary downfall. However it does not mean that the numbers of deaf footballers in London are on the decline, as there are many active deaf five a-side teams in the capital competing in local five-a-side mainstream league.

Human Cloning is Against Gods Will :: reproductive technology

Human Cloning is Against God's Will When I first began this essay, I held no stance on the subject of human cloning. After my initial research, I came to the conclusion that there was no real evidence that human cloning should be illegal. My first draft however lacked good arguments. I’ve since returned to the library and took a new look at the problem. And, after more research my stance was changed. Human cloning, while bringing some good, is not God’s will, and any God fearing human should consider human cloning wrong. There are many good reasons why human cloning should not be outlawed. Parents unable to have children could clone themselves. â€Å"If and when human cloning becomes possible, it will represent little more than another step in reproductive technology and one that individuals would be free to choose if they desire† (Hines). The children, being genetic replicas of the parents, would be true offspring. This would comfort the parents in the fact that they truly lived on through their children. This technology could also bring great things to the medical world. â€Å"The technology of cloning may well allow biotechnologists to develop animals which will grow human-compatible organs for transplant. Cloning is likely to be first used to create animals that produce valuable therapeutic hormones, enzymes, and proteins† (Bailey 2). These advances could save many human lives, all through cloning. The cloning of humans could also be applied to endangered animals.  "Cloning something as extinct as the stars of Jurassic Park remains fiction, but Lanza has just received permission from Spain to clone the bucardo, a mountain goat that became extinct when a tree fell on ‘Celia,’ the last of its kind. The tissue was frozen; if it can be cloned in the egg of a common ibex, the bucardo would live again. ‘We hope to have live bucardo kids by early summer,’ says Lanza† (Begley 3). We could take action against the deaths of whole species. This technology could turn the world on its head. However, just like test tube babies were denounced in the sixty’s, we now do the same with cloning. Before the technology has even entered the door, we ask it to leave by not only banning the idea but any research on it. Nevertheless, with enough research these things could be a reality in the future.

Coordinate Activities And To Use The Available Resources

A formal national EE scheme or policy though has every bit yet non been set up due to miss of political will ( Mayo et al. , 2008 ) , even though the National Environment Education Strategy Action Group was set up in early 1996 ( Department of Health Policy and Planning, 1997 ) . Research shows that EE has ingrained its roots in the primary educational field ( Pace, 1997 ) , where it is reasonably easy to incorporate cross-curricular EE in the schoolroom since most of the clip there is merely one instructor responsible for the instruction of all the topics. In the secondary educational field, it is less easy, since different topics are thought by different instructors and therefore acquisition is more disconnected. Pace ( 1997 ) argued that there are three obstructions which limit the extract of EE in secondary school course of study: stiff capable compartmentalization deficiency of preparation for learning forces stiff timetables and direction constructions Environmental surveies was introduced as a topic in the secondary course of study, but it is non implemented in public schools where they still have separate lessons and instructors for geographics, history and societal surveies. Still environmental issues are normally tackled in scientific topics such as incorporate scientific discipline, biological science, chemical science, natural philosophies and geographics. The EkoSkola programme though, in both primary and secondary schools, has successfully driven multidisciplinary EE in schools. The programme supports a whole school attack and weaves EE rules within a school ‘s direction policy and the mundane running of the school. In post-secondary schools acquisition is even more disconnected with different instructors learning non merely different topics, but besides different subjects within the same topic. Like in secondary schools environmental issues are normally addressed in science-related topics. In 1994, an intermediate degree certification in Environmental Science was launched. However, the class does non supply a holistic overview of environmental issues because the syllabus panel regarded the debut of socio-cultural facets as an effort to chant down the course of study ( Pace, 1997 ) . Students taking to inscribe into university, have to follow a Systems of Knowledge class which consists of four faculties. Module 4 is called ‘Sustainable Development and Environment ‘ and apart from taking to further cognition on local and international sustainable development issues, it besides aims to further pro-environmental attitudes and values such as: The value of sustainable development as a merely method of covering with environmental issues Concern and duty for the environment Committedness to actively take part in enterprises aimed at protecting the environment ( Matsec, Syllabus 2011 ) The job with this class though is that it involves a concluding scrutiny and at least a base on balls is a demand for university registration. Harmonizing to Pace ( 1997 ) , the class ‘s purposes are non wholly fulfilled as the scholars ‘ chief concern is to obtain a certification in the topic instead than widening their cognition.2.2.2 Problems with Education for Sustainable DevelopmentHave pedagogues responded to the demand, values and methods of ESD? Harmonizing to Bybee ( 1991 ) , pedagogues have responded neither ap ­propriately nor sufficiently, but they have reacted chiefly by concentrating on modern-day jobs individually, such as the energy crisis, acerb rain or population growing, and the consequence has been uncoordinated, unconnected educa ­tional stuffs. Sterling ( 2001 ) suggests that a ground why educational systems across the Earth have hardly responded to the challenge of reorientation may be that there has been deficient elucidation of the alterations in instruction that would be necessary for the ends of EE to be fulfilled. What has been losing is lucidity about the vision of the instruction that is needed, and besides a scheme of how to come on towards such a vision, bearing in head the power of the dominant societal and educational paradigms. Harmonizing to Pace ( 2005 ) , though, the major job is the inclination of educational establishments to take the easiest manner out – the relabeling of traditional patterns such as Nature Study, as EE, instead than the restructuring of educational constructions. This might stem from the failure of policy-makers to understand what is needed to accomplish proper EE ( Pace, 1992 ) . Leal Filho ( 1996 ) suggests that this deficiency of apprehension, confusion and slow acceptance of proper EE has been aggravated by academic arguments about nomenclature. At this point, it is of import to separate between instruction about the environment and instruction for the environment. The first refers to geting cognition and consciousness about issues and roll uping informations on these issues ; the 2nd refers to utilizing instruction to construct a more sustainable hereafter. Education for the environment is more than cognition edifice. It includes new attitudes, positions and values that usher and tip people towards more sustainable life styles. Barriers to EE are non merely present on a national and institutional degree but besides on a schoolroom degree. Some barriers are external and logistic in nature such every bit such as deficiency of clip ( Ko and Lee, 2003, as cited by Kim and Fortner, 2006 ) . However, there are besides barriers that act more on a personal degree, such as instructors ‘ attitude, content cognition, and pedagogical cognition ( Kim and Fortner, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Makki et al. , ( 2003 ) , it is besides non plenty to develop and implement a course of study in which EE is conspicuously represented. They continue to reason that even though an improved course of study may supply instructors and pupils with tonss of information, if it does non surrogate creativeness, involvement, and pupil engagement, the consequence will be deficiency of meaningful acquisition and motive. A critical, but by and large disregarded facet of EE is environmental political instruction, which teaches how alterations can be achieved via political activism directed at Governments, international administrations, and even corporations ( United Nations, 2004 ) . In other words, EE should be aimed at bring forthing environmentally responsible citizens, non merely green consumers.2.3 Young personEnvironmental issues affect immature people in a disproportional manner since they are the 1s who have to populate for a longer period of clip in a deteriorating environment handed down to them by old coevalss. Young people are the 1s that will decidedly necessitate to supply extremist solutions to the environmental jobs caused by contemporary actions ( Bradley et al. , 1999 ) . Young people should therefore be compelled to prosecute in new signifiers of action and activism that will bring forth effectual consequences in the field of environmental protection ( United Nations, 2004 ) . The h ereafter of the universe is, after all, their hereafter. The universe ‘s 1.2 billion immature people aged 15-24 constitute 18 per cent of the planetary population ( United Nations, 2007 ) . Young people play many functions in society. They are non merely scholars but besides consumers of many things including energy. They are intelligibly besides concerned by societal, cultural, economic and environmental issues. Young people therefore have a cardinal function to play in determining the hereafter, including in finding forms of energy ingestion, and other factors taking to climate alteration. The development of pro-environmental attitudes and behavior in young person is therefore seen as really of import for a sustainable hereafter ( Eagles and Demare, 1999 ) . The United Nations ( UNCED, 1992 ) identified young persons as cardinal stakeholders that have a alone part to do towards sustainable development, and dedicated Chapter 25 in Agenda 21 to the importance of kids and immature people in the engagement in determination devising to make their ain hereafter. Agenda 21 promotes the function of immature people in decision-making by withstanding the popular discourse that since immature people are inexperienced and unqualified, they should non be considered ( De Lucca, 2004 ) . Young people have a right to be listened to and involved in the issues and determinations that affect their lives, non merely today but besides in the hereafter. Besides, the experience of immature people populating in the modern universe, conveying alone positions that need to be taken into history, and their creativeness, open-mindedness, and energy enable them to seek out the alteration that they want to see and force for it. Therefore the engagement of immature peo ple in determination devising procedures will decidedly act upon the long-run success of sustainable development. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, frequently shortened to Rio Declaration, is a short papers that was produced at the same conference ( Earth Summit ) . The Rio Declaration consists of 27 rules intended to steer future sustainable development around the universe. Principle 21 concerns youth, and suggests that the creativeness, ideals and bravery of immature people should be mobilised to make a planetary partnership that will vouch a better hereafter for everyone through sustainable development ( United Nations, 1992 ) . These two paperss ( Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration ) highlight the importance of young person to the future sustainability of our environment both in Malta and throughout the universe. The National Youth Policy ( Parliamentary Secretariat for Youth and Sport, 2010 ) affirms that the State recognises ‘that young person engagement in preserving and protecting the environment is an of import part towards the attainment of sustainability ‘ ( 3.8.1.2 ) , and that it should seek schemes that promote and promote ‘the active function of immature people and their administrations in recommending steps to battle clime alteration, conserve bio-cultural diverseness and better the quality of human life ‘ ( 3.8.2.2 ) . ESD is truly the key to enabling young persons to accomplish a sustainable hereafter. Agenda 21 expects authoritiess to set up task-forces that include young persons and young person NGOs to develop ESD programmes specifically aiming young persons on relevant critical issues ( UNCED, 1992 ) . This is because ESD is the best tool to inform and call up all immature people, to take part actively in community activities that contribute to planet ary sustainable development, therefore authorising them to take part in social transmutation ( UNESCO, 2004 ) . One of the purposes of this research stems from the demand to do ESD more available to immature people, and is therefore to place some factors that encourage a alteration in behavior in immature people so that more effectual programmes could be developed. It is hoped that more immature people take the lead in sustainable development. Young person have a major function in political relations and they can utilize their influence as a long-run constituency to name upon political leaders to take more pro-environmental determinations ( United Nations, 2003 ) since they are the 1 that will confront the effects of bad determinations, for the longest period of clip. Today ‘s immature people have more power and possible to make alteration on planetary and local degrees than they have had in any old coevals ( Corriero, 2004 ) . This addition is due both to the increased attempts at inclusion by determination shapers who recognise the importance of the parts of immature people to determination devising and to the easiness of treatment and information exchange as a consequence of the Internet ( Arnold et al. , 2009 ) . In general, immature people are frequently more open to information about the environment than do people from older coevalss. In portion this is due to the handiness of more EE in schools, at least in the developed universe and possibly more periodically elsewhere ( United Nations, 2004 ) . Besides holding been more open to environmental issues by agencies of formal, non-formal and informal instruction, youth have lived all their lives in an epoch in which these issues have become rather seeable. Because young person have a stronger consciousness of the issues and a greater interest in sustainable development, this should be an country in which they ought to take the lead to advance more consciousness and to convey about concrete alterations. Young people surely rose to the challenge at the COP-15 of the UNFCCC in Copenhagen, Denmark, in December 2009. At COP-15, universe leaders met to negociate the protocol that will follow the Kyoto Protocol, upon its termination. The end was to hold on new adhering understandings to extenuate clime alteration. As those with the most to lose, 1000000s of young person from around the Earth gathered forces and campaigned, lobbied and protested to allow their leaders know that they care for their hereafter and that it must be protected. Despite the importance of young person battle in sustainable development, there has been small research conducted on immature people who are leaders in environmental action ( Arnold et al. , 2009 ) . This type of research will enable informed attempts to prosecute immature people in environmental issues. Such battle could hold deductions for their involvement and engagement in environmental action throughout their lives. The immature people involved in this survey have, for a figure of grounds, developed a deep concern for the natural environment, so much so that they have become portion of an administration that speaks out for the environment. They strive for the capacity to do alterations in those procedures of society which they consider to be impeding its sustainability.2.4 Research into Attitudes and BehaviourIt is clear that the attitudes, cognition, and concerns that immature people have about the environment will straight and indirectly affect nowadays and future determinations refering the environment and sustainable development. Therefore, if we examine immature peoples ‘ attitudes, cognition, and concerns about the environment around them, we can hold a better apprehension of the way we are headed. It is besides of import to larn about the direct parts that they are doing to prolong and back up the environment, and to observe the illustrations of good pattern. Young leaders of altera tion can move as function theoretical accounts for other immature people. Human behavior is seen as an of import subscriber to environmental jobs and their solutions ( Gardner and Stern, 2002 ; Nickerson, 2003 ) , and instruction purposes to determine human behavior ( Hungerford and Volk, 1990 ) . Therefore behavioral theories have been widely used to inform and develop EE. Ajzen and Fishbein ‘s ( 1980 ) theoretical account of sound action is one of the most often cited. Harmonizing to their theory, purpose to move has a direct consequence on behavior, and can be predicted by attitude. Attitude is formed by subjective norms and beliefs. From its origin EE sought to promote pro-environmental behaviors and in the beginning this was based on a behavioral alteration theoretical account that hypothesised a additive relationship among cognition, attitude, and action ( Hines et al. , 1986-1987 ; Hungerford and Volk, 1990 ) . Environmental pedagogues and research workers therefore thought that any cognition gained about the environment and environmental issues would ensue in the development of a pro-environmental attitude, which in bend would take to pro-environmental behavior. This premise is still present to some extent in the instruction community. Working under this premise, early EE research workers sought to happen out what cognition and experiences characterised people that held pro-environmental attitudes. The implicit in premise was that if this cognition and these experiences could be replicated through EE, pro-environmental attitudes would be fostered amongst the general populace, and pro-environmental behaviors would so ensue. Corraliza and Berenguer ( 2000 ) specify pro-environmental attitudes as people ‘s sensitivities, to pay attending to, be concerned about, and, finally, to move in the name of environmental protection. Harmonizing to Kraus ( 1995 ) , attitude is one of the most of import determiners of behavior. Therefore, understanding the footing of an attitude is of import if one is to seek and ease behaviors alteration. Since a clear end of EE is to alter behavior, Pooley and O'Connor ( 2002 ) suggest that it would be advantageous to first understand the footing of environmental attitudes and so utilize that understanding to ease altering environmental behavior. Attitude research could therefore besides be a utile vehicle for finally planing EE plans ( Newhouse, 1990 ) . Some surveies support the relationship between pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors ( Dunlap and Van Liere, 1978 ; Kaiser et al. , 1999 ; Meinhold and Malkus, 2005 ; Oskamp et al. , 1991 ) . Assorted other surveies though, have concluded that the environmental attitude-behaviour association is flimsy ( Axelrod and Lehman, 1993 ; Barrett and Kuroda, 2002 ; Kaplowitz and Levine, 2005 ; Kraus, 1995 ; Mogensen, and Nielsen, 2001 ; Newhouse, 1990 ; Schultz and Oskamp, 1996 ; Tuncer et al. , 2005 ) . Even though these surveies report a high degree of cognition and positive environmental attitude, behavior is reported to be non so positive. This was confirmed to be true to the Maltese islands every bit good. Mifsud ( 2008 ) studies that the overall attitude towards the environment, of pupils in post-secondary instruction appears to be strongly positive, but pupils by and large seem to execute small positive action towards the environment. Similar consequences were found in other surveies ( Grima, 2008 ) . So, even though many people view themselves as ‘environmentalists ‘ ( Pieters et al. , 1998 ) , they do non interpret their attitudes into pro-environmental behavi or. One ground may be pro-environmental behaviors frequently does non ensue in an immediate single net income but in a long-run corporate net income, which is frequently non appreciated by the person. The single benefits obtained from going by auto and devouring endlessly, without consideration of negative environmental impacts, non dividing waste, and non conserving energy, are immediate, whereas the negative environmental effects of such behaviors are frequently unsure effects in the hereafter. Another ground for this spread between attitudes and behavior might be the manner in which we are presenting EE. The formal instruction system is strongly knowledge based and it is clearly non taking to the desired result. This clashes strongly with the proper purposes of EE which focus strongly on a alteration in behavior and life style. What is the benefit of EE if there is no action? Environmental jobs jeopardizing ecosystems and societies are due to human activities. To be reduced, they therefore require alterations in human behavior ( Pawlik, 1991 ) . It is therefore really of import to analyze other factors instead than knowledge that Foster a alteration in behavior. This will assist us to rethink instruction and happen new avenues of affecting immature people in positive environmental actions. There is in fact a big and invariably turning sum of literature that trades with the inquiry of how human behaviours that impact the natural environment can be explained and fostered. To successfully advance pro-environmental behavior, a better apprehension of the assorted factors that influence people to prosecute in such behavior is of import. Future EE attempts will definately profit from a closer consideration of hindrances to and incentives of pro-environmental behavior. It is non ever easy though to find such factors as sometimes, even if the behavior has a positive impact on the environment, it might be performed for other grounds than to protect the environment, for illustration, conserving energy in the family to salvage money or utilizing a bike alternatively of a auto to acquire some exercising. On the other manus, possibly we should non seek to extinguish these factors but see them at the same time with the ‘purely ‘ environmental grounds. After all to underst and and pattern sustainable development we need to incorporate environmental, economic and societal facets.2.5 Research on the Factors that Foster Pro-environmental Behaviour2.5.1 ValuessIt is frequently suggested that environmental attitudes and environmental behaviors are related to people ‘s values ( Poortinga et al. , 2004 ; Schultz and Zelezny, 1999 ; Stern, 2000a ) . Valuess are ingrained personal criterions that guide us through decision-making in life. Valuess are hence at the root of our attitudes and behavior. It has been argued that environmental jobs are mostly ingrained into the traditional values, attitudes, and beliefs of a given society ( Deng et al. , 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Johnson et Al. ( 2004 ) different populations with specific societal patterns and cultural traits are likely to keep different values